Igama Nesendlalelo Somlando
Ngenkathi uhulumeni wamaDashi ebusa esifundeni sasePapua kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, igama elalisetshenziswa ukuqamba iziQhingi zase-Biak-Numfor laliyi-Schouten Eilanden, lilandela i-Dutch European yokuqala, eyavakashela le ndawo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Amanye amagama avame ukutholakala emibikweni emidala yezakhamuzi kanye nezindawo zaleli qoqo leziqhingi iNumfor noma i-Wiak. Ifonimu engu-w egameni elithi wiak empeleni isuka kufonimu engu-v eyabe isishintsha yaba ngu-b, okubangela igama elithi bak elisetshenziswa namuhla. Amagama amabili okugcina abe esehlanganiswa abe
yigama elilodwa, okungukuthi i-Biak-Numfor, enomugqa ovundlile phakathi kwamagama amabili njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwamagama amabili, asetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni ukubiza indawo kanye nabantu abahlala eziqhingini ezisenyakatho. Cenderawasih Bay. Ezingxoxweni zansuku zonke, abantu basebenzisa kuphela igama elithi Biak, eliqukethe incazelo efanayo njengoba kushiwo ngenhla.
Mayelana nemvelaphi yegama kanye nencazelo yegama, kunemibono eminingana. Okokuqala ukuthi igama elithi Biak livela egameni elithi v`iak, okwakuyigama ekuqaleni elalisetshenziselwa ukuqamba abantu ababehlala maphakathi neziqhingi. Leli gama lisho abantu abahlala ehlathini, abantu abangazi kahle izindaba zasolwandle njengokungakwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi olwandle, ukungakwazi ukuhamba olwandle nokuwela izilwandle ezibanzi, njll. Leli gama laqanjwa izakhamuzi zasogwini zalezi ziqhingi ezazinobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezindabeni zasolwandle. Nakuba leli gama ekuqaleni lalinencazelo eyinhlamba emaqenjini athile abantu, leli gama lamukelwa kamuva futhi lasetshenziswa njengegama elisemthethweni labantu nendawo.
Omunye umbono uvela olwazini oludluliselwa ngomlomo oluvela kubantu ngendlela yenganekwane, ethi leli gama livela kumalungu omndeni wakwaBurdam asuka eBiak Island ngenxa yokuxabana kwawo namalungu omndeni wakwaMandowen. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, abantu bomndeni wakwaBurdam banquma ukushiya iWarmambo Island (igama lokuqala leBiak Island) bayohlala endaweni ekude kangangokuthi iWarmambo Island yanyamalala emehlweni. Basuka-ke, kodwa njalo uma bebheka emuva babona iWarmambo Island ibonakala ngaphezu kolwandle. Lesi simo sibenza bathi, v`iak wer`, noma `v`iak`, okusho ukuthi uyavela futhi. Leli gama elithi v`iak labe selisetshenziswa yilabo abaqamba i-Warmambo Island futhi kuze kube manje lelo gama lisasetshenziswa (Kamma 1978: 29-33).
Igama elithi Biak lasetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni njengegama elibhekisela endaweni kanye nezakhamuzi zayo, okungukuthi lapho isikhungo saseKainkain Karkara Biak sisungulwa ngo-1947 (De Bruijn 1965: 87). Lesi sikhungo siwukuthuthuka kwesikhungo sendabuko iKainkain Karkara MNU, okuyisikhungo sendabuko esinomsebenzi wokulawula impilo ndawonye emphakathini obizwa nge-MNU noma isigodi. Incazelo ebanzi yalezi zikhungo ezimbili inikezwe endimeni edingida izinhlangano zobuholi ngezansi.
Igama elithi Numfor livela egameni lesiqhingi kanye neqembu lezakhamuzi zomdabu zase-Numfor Island. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamagama elithi Biak neNumfor egameni elilodwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo ngokusemthethweni kwenzeka ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isikhungo somkhandlu wesifunda eSchouten Islands esaqanjwa ngokuthi umkhandlu wesifunda sase-Biak-Numfor ngo-1959.
Kulesi sihloko ngisebenzisa igama. Biak-Numfor ukuze abhekisele endaweni yendawo kanye nendawo yokuphatha uhulumeni wakhe. Igama elithi Biak lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa olimini kanye nabantu abamukela isiko lama-Biak abahlala endaweni yase-Biak-Numfor Islands uqobo noma abahlala ezindaweni zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezingaphandle kweziqhingi.
Mayelana nomlando wabantu bakwaBiak, umlando wemvelaphi yabo kanye nomlando wokuxhumana kwabo nezwe langaphandle, akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngoba akukho lwazi olubhaliwe olutholakalayo. Okuwukuphela komthombo wendawo ohlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nemvelaphi yabantu baseBiak, kanye nezinye izinhlanga ePapua, inganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane, okhokho babantu bakwaBiak bavela endaweni esempumalanga, lapho kuphuma khona ilanga. Okhokho bokuqala beza kulesi siqhingi ngesikebhe. Kunezinguqulo eziningana zendaba yokufika kwamadlozi okuqala. Enye inguqulo yale nganekwane ithi okhokho bokuqala babantu bakwaBiak bahlanganisa indoda nomfazi abakhukhulwa yizikhukhula esikebheni futhi lapho amanzi esebohla baphinde babhajwa egqumeni laba myeni nonkosikazi ababili ababeliqamba kamuva. Sarwambo. Leli gquma lisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBiak Island (eningizimu yedolobhana lamanje laseKorem). Ukusuka eSarwambo Hill, okhokho bokuqala kanye nezingane zabo bathuthela osebeni loMfula i-Korem futhi kwakusuka kule ndawo yokugcina lapho bezalela khona ukuze bagcwalise zonke iziQhingi zase-Biak-Numfor.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, mayelana nomlando wokuxhumana kwabantu be-Biak nezwe langaphandle, kokubili ngokusho kwezindaba zomlomo mayelana nezibalo ezidumile uFakoki noPasrefi kanye nemithombo yolwazi evela eTidore, kuyaziwa ukuthi lokhu kuxhumana kwenzeka kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu bokuqala ePapua. isifunda ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 (Kamma 1953: 151). Lobu budlelwano kwenzeka kubahlali ezindaweni ezisogwini olusenyakatho ye-Bird’s Head, i-Raja Ampat Islands kanye nezakhamuzi zase-Maluku Islands.
Ukuxhumana kwabantu bakwa-Biak nabantu bangaphandle kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngobudlelwano bezohwebo nohambo lwezempi. Ubufakazi bungabonakala ngokuba khona kwezindawo zokuhlala zase-Biak ezingase zitholakale ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Kubonakala sengathi enkathini ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu eziqhingini zaseMaluku nasePapua ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, abantu baseBiak babehlole ezinye izifunda ezihlukahlukene zase-Indonesia, kokubili ngohambo lwezohwebo kanye nempi olwalwenziwa abantu baseBiak ngokwabo futhi. kanye nabalingani babo, isibonelo ne-Tidore Sultanate
noma i-Ternate Sultanate. Impumelelo yabantu baseBiak ekwenzeni izinkambo ezihlukahlukene yanyamalala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 (Kamma 1952: 151). Kungekudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseYurophu bokuqala esifundeni saseMaluku naseziqhingini zaseRaja Ampat ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16.
Umthombo wedatha:
UDkt. JR Mansoben, MA
UHLELO LWEZINGQONDO ZESINTU ZE-BYAK:
Ucwaningo Lwe
-Anthropology Kahulumeni Wendabuko wasePapua, Umqulu 1. No. Agasti 3, 2003
